This study aimed to structurally analyze and prioritize swimming development strategies in Iran based on a territorial planning approach. An exploratory mixed-methods design was employed in two stages. In the qualitative stage, 20 key factors influencing swimming development were identified through the Delphi method with the participation of 20 experts. In the quantitative stage, data were collected from 384 respondents, including swimming-board chairpersons, coaches, and swimming-pool managers. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), MICMAC analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), External Factor Evaluation (EFE), SWOT/TOWS analysis, and the Friedman ranking test were employed. The structural analysis revealed that the swimming development system is structurally unstable and characterized by intensive interrelationships among its components. The IFE and EFE scores were 2.395 and 2.353, respectively, indicating a defensive–remedial (WT) strategic position in which internal weaknesses and external threats outweigh strengths and opportunities. The highest strategic priorities were establishing a balanced and equitable swimming infrastructure network, developing a performance monitoring and evaluation system, improving elite sport and local talent development, and strengthening specialized human resources. The findings emphasize the need to shift from fragmented development practices toward an integrated, territorially balanced, and evidence-based approach to swimming development in Iran.