A Multilevel Model of Key Factors in Sustainable Development Management of Adventure Recreational Sports Tourism (A Case Study of Tehran)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Master's in Tourism Management,, Faculty of Tourism,, University of Tehran,, Tehran,, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Tourism, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Tehran, with its diverse natural and human resources, holds notable potential for adventure tourism, yet its development faces structural and managerial barriers. This study aimed to design a multi-level model of key factors for managing the sustainable development of adventure sports tourism in Tehran. The research adopted a mixed-methods design (qualitative-quantitative), applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data were gathered through library studies, focus groups, and structured–interpretive questionnaires. Thirteen factors were identified across six levels: safety, security, environment, natural attractions, and infrastructure (Level 1); human resources, management, and marketing (Level 2); socio-cultural and technological factors (Level 3); education and research (Level 4); economic factors (Level 5); and political, legal, and regulatory frameworks (Level 6). Political factors (Variable 1) emerged as driving factors. Economic (Variable 2), socio-cultural (Variable 3), technology and innovation (Variable 4), marketing (Variable 7), education and research (Variable 8), management (Variable 9), human resources (Variable 10), and laws and regulations (Variable 13) acted as linkage factors. Environmental factors (Variable 5), natural attractions (Variable 6), infrastructure (Variable 11), and safety/security (Variable 12) were identified as dependent factors. The proposed model provides a practical framework for urban managers and planners to sustainably manage the development of adventure sports tourism in Tehran. Based on the findings, key actions include formulating formal policies, establishing educational and research infrastructures, developing designated adventure tourism areas, implementing safety guidelines, and strengthening stakeholder collaboration. Implementing these strategies can enhance Tehran’s position as a tourism destination and promote sustainable urban development.

Keywords

References

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Journal of Sustainable Development in Sport Management
Volume 6, Issue 15
January 2026
Pages 85-111

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